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The overarching theme of these writers is not that the operational level lacks political factors but focuses on the political nature of war and the importance of the political context. Political warfare is not unique, it is simply an aspect of shaping the strategic context. The idea of an operational level, or levels at all, where politics is not present would be seen as simply absurd. The common thread that unites all of the writers is that they are steeped in a tradition of war that views it as a fundamentally political and social act. Unsurprisingly, the only strategic theorist mentioned by every single author is Clausewitz, although not all of them mention him favorably. Nevertheless, they all see political factors as pervasive, even for tactical decisions. As Donald Stoker has pointed out, it is this pervasiveness, the idea that “political goals affect every level of military activity,” that differentiates Clausewitz and the Clausewitzian tradition from others, not just the ide

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